A novel seawater hydrothermal-deep eutectic solvent pretreatment enhances the production of fermentable sugars and tailored lignin nanospheres from Pinus massoniana.

Lignocellulose biorefinery depended on effective pretreatment strategies is of great significance for solving the current global crisis of ecosystem and energy security. This study proposes a novel approach combining seawater hydrothermal pretreatment (SHP) and microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (MD) pretreatment to achieve an effective fractionation of Pinus massoniana into high value-added products. The results indicated that complex ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl-) in natural seawater served as Lewis acids and dramatically promoted the depolymerization of mannose and xylan into oligosaccharides with 40.17 % and 75.43 % yields, respectively. Subsequent MD treatment realized a rapid and effective lignin fractionation (~90 %) while retaining cellulose. As a result, the integrated pretreatment yielded ~85 % of enzymatic glucose, indicating an eightfold increase compared with untreated pine. Because of the increased hydrophobicity induced by the formation of acyl groups during MD treatment, uniform lignin nanospheres were successfully recovered from the DES. It exhibited low dispersibility (PDI = 2.23), small molecular weight (1889 g/mol), and excellent oxidation resistance (RSI = 5.94), demonstrating promising applications in functional materials. The mechanism of lignin depolymerization was comprehensively elucidated via FTIR, 2D-HSQC NMR, and GPC analyses. Overall, this study provides a novel and environmentally friendly strategy for lignocellulose biorefinery and lignin valorization.

Topology of ferroelectric nematic droplets: the case driven by flexoelectricity or depolarization field.

The recent discovery of ferroelectric nematics provides new opportunities for exploring polar topology in liquid matter. Here, we report numerous potential polarization topological states (e.g., polar vortex-like and line disclination mediated structures) in confined ferroelectric nematics with similar free-energy levels. In the experiment, they appear according to the confinement size and surface anchoring conditions. Based on a minimal analytical approach, we reveal that the topological transformation is balanced among the nematic elasticity, the polarization gradient, the flexoelectric and the depolarization interactions.

Response of helielectric nematics under an in-plane electric field.

In traditional chiral nematic liquid crystals, the apolar cholesterics, the dielectric effect is the main driving force for responding to an electric field. The emerging polar chiral nematics, dubbed helielectric nematics, are the polar counterparts of the cholesterics. The head-to-tail symmetry breaking of the new matter state enables it to respond sensitively to the polarity of an electric field. Here, we report on the observation of a sequential polar winding/unwinding process of polarization helices under an electric field applied perpendicular to the helical axes, which behaves distinctly from the unwinding of the apolar cholesteric helices. Understanding the helix-unwinding behaviors provides insights for developing switchable devices based on helielectric nematics.

Self-assembled soft alloy with Frank-Kasper phases beyond metals.

Soft building blocks, such as micelles, cells or soap bubbles, tend to adopt near-spherical geometry when densely packed together. As a result, their packing structures do not extend beyond those discovered in metallic glasses, quasicrystals and crystals. Here we report the emergence of two Frank-Kasper phases from the self-assembly of five-fold symmetric molecular pentagons. The µ phase, an important intermediate in superalloys, is indexed in soft matter, whereas the ϕ phase exhibits a structure distinct from known Frank-Kasper phases in metallic systems. We find a broad size and shape distribution of self-assembled mesoatoms formed by molecular pentagons while approaching equilibrium that contribute to the unique packing structures. This work provides insight into the manipulation of soft building blocks that deviate from the typical spherical geometry and opens avenues for the fabrication of 'soft alloy' structures that were previously unattainable in metal alloys.

Insights into the poplar cell wall deconstruction following deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic saccharification and lignin valorization.

In this study, a combination of microcosmic and chemical analysis methods was used to investigate deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment effects on cell wall's micromorphology and lignin's dissolution regular, in order to achieve high-performance biorefinery. The atomic force microscope observed that DES pretreatment peeled off non-cellulose components to reduced "anti-degradation barrier", resulting to improve the enzymatic saccharification from 12.36 % to 90.56 %. In addition, DES pretreatment can break the ß-O-4 bond between the lignin units resulting in a decline in molecular weight from 3187 g/mol to 1112 g/mol (0-6 h). However, long pretreatment time resulted regenerated lignin samples repolymerization. Finally, DES has good recoverability which showed saccharification still can reach 51.51 % at 6 h following four recycling rounds and regenerated lignin also had a typical and well-preserved structure. In general, this work offers important information for industrial biorefinery technologies and lignin valorization.

Collective and non-collective molecular dynamics in a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

A great deal of effort has been recently devoted to the study of dielectric relaxation processes in ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals, yet their interpretation remains unclear. In this work, we present the results of broadband dielectric spectroscopy experiments of a prototypical ferroelectric nematogen in the frequency range 10 Hz-110 MHz at different electrode separations and under the application of DC bias fields. The results evidence a complex behavior in all phases due to the magnitude of polar correlations in these systems. The observed modes have been assigned to different relaxation mechanisms based on existing theoretical frameworks.

Clinical application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in non-immunocompromised patients with severe pneumonia supported by veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Objectives: This study aims to explore the pathogen-detected effect of mNGS technology and its clinical application in non-immunocompromised patients with severe pneumonia supported by vv-ECMO. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 50 non-immunocompromised patients who received vv-ECMO support for severe pneumonia between January 2016 and December 2022. These patients were divided into two groups based on their discharge outcomes: the deterioration group (Group D), which included 31 cases, and the improvement group (Group I), consisting of 19 cases. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results: Among the 50 patients enrolled, Group D exhibited a higher prevalence of male patients (80.6% vs. 52.6%, p < 0.05), more smokers (54.8% vs. 21.1%, p < 0.05), and were older than those in Group I (55.16 ± 16.34 years vs. 42.32 ± 19.65 years, p < 0.05). Out of the 64 samples subjected to mNGS detection, 55 (85.9%) yielded positive results, with a positivity rate of 83.7% (36/43) in Group D and 90.5% (19/21) in Group I. By contrast, the positive rate through traditional culture stood at 64.9% (74/114). Among the 54 samples that underwent both culture and mNGS testing, 23 (42.6%) displayed consistent pathogen identification, 13 (24.1%) exhibited partial consistency, and 18 (33.3%) showed complete inconsistency. Among the last cases with complete inconsistency, 14 (77.8%) were culture-negative, while two (11.1%) were mNGS-negative, and the remaining two (11.1%) presented mismatches. Remarkably, mNGS surpassed traditional culture in pathogen identification (65 strains vs. 23 strains). Within these 65 strains, 56 were found in Group D, 26 in Group I, and 17 were overlapping strains. Interestingly, a diverse array of G+ bacteria, fungi, viruses, and special pathogens were exclusive to Group D. Furthermore, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were more prevalent in Group D compared to Group I. Importantly, mNGS prompted antibiotic treatment adjustments in 26 patients (52.0%). Conclusions: Compared with the conventional culture, mNGS demonstrated a higher positive rate, and emerges as a promising method for identifying mixed pathogens in non-immunodeficient patients with severe pneumonia supported by vv-ECMO. However, it is crucial to combine the interpretation of mNGS data with clinical information and traditional culture results for a comprehensive assessment.

Analysis of 24-hour Death Risk Factors in Circulatory Failure Patients Treated with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the factors affecting short-term prognosis of circulatory failure patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) treatment. METHODS: A total of 136 patients undergoing VA-ECMO were enrolled in this study and subsequently divided into the death group (n=35) and the survival group (n=101) based on whether death occurred during hospitalisation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) running time, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, costs, and ECMO complications were then compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The average age of all patients undergoing ECMO was 47.64±16.78 years (53.2±16.20 years in the death group and 45.713±16.62 years in the survival group) (P=0.022). Patients in the survival group exhibited a clear downward trend in lactic acid value following ECMO treatment compared to those in the death group. Total hospitalisation stay was longer in the survival group (35 days) than in the death group (15.5 days) (P<0.001). In the analysis of ECMO complications, the incidence of neurological complications, renal failure, limb complications, and infection were higher in the death group than in the survival group (P<0.05 for all). Specifically, as a risk factor for patient survival and discharge, the occurrence of infection will lead to increased hospitalisation stays and costs (P<0.05 for both). CONCLUSION: Complications such as kidney failure and infection are associated with in-hospital death, and ECMO-related complications should be actively prevented to improve the survival rate of VA-ECMO treatment.

Association between obesity and risk of delayed discharge and unplanned readmission for day surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: This work aims to investigate the association between obesity and risk of delayed discharge and unplanned readmission in day surgery patients. BACKGROUND: Day surgeries are well received and developing rapidly. Associations between obesity and delayed discharge and unplanned readmission, which are clinically relevant outcomes in day surgeries, are complex. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. DATA SOURCES: The PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang databases were comprehensively searched from inception until January 2021. REVIEW METHODS: Two independent reviewers assessed the studies and extracted data. Pooled estimates were obtained using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven articles published between 2007 and 2020 were finally included. Obesity appeared not to increase the risk of delayed discharge. However, morbid obesity seemed to be associated with a higher risk of delayed discharge. The meta-analysis revealed no relationship between higher body mass index (BMI) and unplanned readmission for day surgery patients. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity appeared not to increase the risk of delayed discharge except in patients with morbid obesity. Additionally, a higher BMI was not associated with increased risk of unplanned readmission after day surgery. Future studies are required to address this issue further in different types of surgery and areas.

Multifunctional Gomisin B enhances cognitive function in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by regulating Aß clearance and neuronal apoptosis.

This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of Gomisin B, a natural compound known for its inhibition of CYP3A4, on cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the study explored the combined effects of Gomisin B and Osthole (OST). The research involved male wild-type (WT) mice and 7-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. The assessment of behavioral changes included the use of the open field test (OFT) and the Morris water maze (MWM). OST levels in brain tissue were quantified using LC-MS/MS, while levels of oxidative stress were measured through an assay kit. Neuronal apoptosis was studied using Nissl staining, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence. Amyloid plaque clearance was assessed using thioflavine-S (Th-S) staining, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. The results of the study revealed that Gomisin B led to a significant improvement in cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, the simultaneous administration of OST and Gomisin B demonstrated enhanced therapeutic effects. These effects were attributed to the inhibition of ß-site APP-Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) and oxidative stress by Gomisin B, along with its anti-apoptotic properties. The combined use of OST and Gomisin B exhibited a synergistic impact, resulting in more pronounced anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. In summary, this study pioneers the exploration of Gomisin B's multifunctional anti-AD properties in APP/PS1 mice. The findings provide a solid groundwork for the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs based on natural active ingredients.

Spontaneous periodic polarization wave in helielectric fluids.

By analogy with spin waves in ferromagnetic systems, the polarization (or dipole) wave is the electric counterpart that remains elusive. Here, we discover that the helielectricity, i.e. a polarization field with helicoidal helices that corresponds to a quasi-layered chiral nematic environment, causes a spontaneous formation of large-scale polarization waves in the form of the sinusoidal function. Both experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the polarization ordering over a threshold polarization strength violates the inherent periodicity of the polarization helices, thus penalizing the compression energy. It drives a second-order structural transition to a periodically modulated polarization wave state. The roles of chirality and confinement condition are discussed.

Osthole/borneol thermosensitive gel via intranasal administration enhances intracerebral bioavailability to improve cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant threat to the global elderly population. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely utilized in the treatment of AD. Osthole, a bioactive ingredient classified as an "emperor" in many TCM formulas, has been demonstrated to effectively alleviate AD symptoms. However, its low bioavailability in the brain has limited its clinical application. This study aimed to increase the intracerebral bioavailability of osthole by using borneol as a "courier," based on the classical "Emperor-Minister-Assistant-Courier" model, and to investigate the enhanced pharmacological performance of osthole on AD. Results indicated that a suitable in situ thermosensitive gel matrix for intranasal administration mixed with osthole and borneol consists of P407 at 20%, P188 at 7%, and PEG300 at 6%. The concentration of osthole in the cerebrospinal fluid increased almost tenfold after intranasal administration of osthole/borneol compared to oral administration. Mechanisms showed that borneol as a "courier" opened up intercellular space and loosened the tight junctions of the nasal mucosa by suppressing ZO-1 and occludin expression, thereby expediting the nose-to-brain route and guiding osthole as "emperor" to its target in the brain. Osthole assisted by borneol demonstrated significantly improved efficiency in suppressing cleaved caspase-3 expression, increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, improving T-SOD and catalase expression, reducing malondialdehyde levels, inhibiting neuron apoptosis, and decreasing Aß levels by inhibiting BACE1 expression to alleviate cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice compared to osthole alone. Overall, our study demonstrated that the intracerebral bioavailability of osthole profoundly improved with intranasal administration of osthole/borneol and provided a wider application of TCM for AD treatment with higher intracerebral bioavailability.

Polarization patterning in ferroelectric nematic liquids via flexoelectric coupling.

The recently discovered ferroelectric nematic liquids incorporate to the functional combination of fluidity, processability and anisotropic optical properties of nematic liquids, an astonishing range of physical properties derived from the phase polarity. Among them, the remarkably large values of second order optical susceptibility encourage to exploit these new materials for non-linear photonic applications. Here we show that photopatterning of the alignment layer can be used to structure polarization patterns. To do so, we take advantage of the flexoelectric effect and design splay structures that geometrically define the polarization direction. We demonstrate the creation of periodic polarization structures and the possibility of guiding polarization by embedding splay structures in uniform backgrounds. The demonstrated capabilities of polarization patterning, open a promising new route for the design of ferroelectric nematic based photonic structures and their exploitation.

Fluorescent Probes with Variable Intramolecular Charge Transfer: Constructing Closed-Circle Plots for Distinguishing D2O from H2O.

It is difficult to distinguish between H2O and D2O due to their very similar properties. Triphenylimidazole derivatives with carboxyl groups (TPI-COOH-2R) show intramolecular charge transfer that responds to polarities and pH of solvents. Here, a series of TPI-COOH-2R with very high photoluminescence quantum yields (73-98%) were synthesized to distinguish D2O from H2O by the method of wavelength-changeable fluorescence. In a mixed THF/water solution, the increase of H2O and D2O contents will separately induce different pendulum-type fluorescence variations and form plots of closed circles with the same starting and ending points from which a THF/water ratio that displays the most different emission wavelengths (up to 53 nm with an LOD of 0.064 vol %) can be determined to further distinguish D2O from H2O. This is proved to be originated from the various Lewis acidities between H2O and D2O. The results of theoretical calculations and experiments suggest that, for different substituent groups in TPI-COOH-2R, an appropriate electron-donating effect is beneficial to distinguish between H2O and D2O, while the electron-pulling effect is adverse. Moreover, because the potential hydrogen/deuterium exchange does not affect the as-responsive fluorescence, this method is reliable. And this work provides a new strategy for the design of fluorescent probes for D2O.

The Preventive Effect of Distal Perfusion Catheters on Vascular Complications in Patients Undergoing Venous Artery Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Objective: To investigate the preventive effect of distal perfusion catheters (DPCs) on vascular complications in patients undergoing venous artery extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). Methods: Patients who underwent VA-ECMO through a femoral approach in our hospital were included in this study, and they were divided into two groups according to their use of DPC. Clinical indicators were compared between the two groups, including the ECMO running time, intensive care unit (ICU) time, length of hospital stay, ECMO auxiliary results, the incidence of limb ischemia and vascular complications. Results: In total, 250 patients were included in this study, including the DPC group (age: 48 [32-62] years old, 58.4% male, n = 125) and the non-DPC group (age: 51 [36-63] years old, 65.6% male, n = 125). The DPC group was less likely to have limb complications than the non-DPC group (6.4% vs 17.6%, P = 0.006), mainly resulting from distal ischemia (4.0% vs 15.2%, P = 0.003) and necrosis (1.6% vs 9.6%, P = 0.006). The ECMO duration had a median of 92.3 (75.7-109) h in the DPC group and 71.2 (59.4-82.8) h in the DPC group, with a difference close to the statistical threshold (P = 0.054). There was no significant difference in ICU time or length of hospital stay between the two groups. The multivariate analysis showed that the DPC implantation was negatively associated with limb complications (odds ratio: 0.265, 95% confidence interval: 0.107-0.657, P = 0.004) after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusion: Distal perfusion catheter placement might be associated with a decreased risk of vascular complications and limb ischemia in patients undergoing femoral VA-ECMO cannulation. Further randomised studies are still needed to verify its benefit on clinical outcomes.

Anxiety Severity and Influencing Factors in Day Surgery Patients or Relatives in Covid-19 Normalized Prevention Phase.

BACKGROUND: As the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) repeated, the prevention and treatment will be normalized in a period. "Large number of patients" and " Turnover quickly" of the day surgery ward greatly increased the difficulty of policy formulation and implementation. The normalization also had a huge negative psychological impact on patients/family members. This study aims to introduce effective epidemic prevention and control measures in day surgery wards, and to clarify the influencing factors of anxiety and subjective discomfort of patients and their families during the normalization of COVID-19. METHODS: To prepare for normalization of epidemic, research discuss improvements in the management of staff, environment, process. A total of 148 patients admitted to West China Hospital from December 2021 to March 2022 and their relatives were asked to complete a questionnaire effectively. Using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and Subjective Units of Distress scales to analyze anxiety and its risk factors. RESULTS: Under normalized control measures, no staff was infected. The subjective discomfort score was higher in people with lower body mass index (BMI). Young and high social support score were risk factors for anxiety (P < .05), and social support was positively correlated with anxiety. CONCLUSION: The normalization of epidemic is an inevitable trend in a period. A stable and safe medical environment needs to fully eliminate the policy defects, to fit the people and focus on mental health of the people. For patients/family members, who are younger,a lower BMI and higher social support should be attention more.

A Polymer Network Layer Containing Dually Anchored Ionic Liquids for Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high sulfur utilization, long-cycle life, and dendrite-free features hold great promise for the development of next-generation energy storage devices of high energy density. Considerable efforts have been committed to solving the polysulfide shuttle problem toward highly stable Li-S batteries. Here, a unique polymer network containing dually anchored ionic liquids (DA-PIL) is devolped to improve the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of Li-S batteries. This DA-PIL electrolyte incorporates the amphiphilicity of both the polysulfides anion and lithium cation, creating an ionic function layer on polypropylene separator. Noteworthily, the DA-PIL network is "clean" in the sense that no free ionic specifies are introduced to the electrolyte system. The DA-PIL layer not only enables strong supression against polysulfide shuttling but simultaneously allows fast lithium transportation owing to cooperate electrostatic interaction among anchored cations and anions. The DA-PIL layer functionalized on a polypropylene separator can boost excellent stability of Li-S battery with >1600 h cycling test at 0.25 mA cm-2 . The Li-S cell with DA-PIL layer delivers a higher discharge capacity of 827.4 mAh g-1 at 1C. A discharge capacity of 630.6 mAh g-1 is retained after 1000 cycles.

Analysis of 24-hour Death Risk Factors in Circulatory Failure Patients Treated with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the factors affecting short-term prognosis of circulatory failure patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) treatment. Methods: A total of 136 patients undergoing VA-ECMO were enrolled in this study and subsequently divided into the death group (n=35) and the survival group (n=101) based on whether death occurred during hospitalisation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) running time, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, costs, and ECMO complications were then compared between the two groups. Results: The average age of all patients undergoing ECMO was 47.64±16.78 years (53.2±16.20 years in the death group and 45.713±16.62 years in the survival group) (P=0.022). Patients in the survival group exhibited a clear downward trend in lactic acid value following ECMO treatment compared to those in the death group. Total hospitalisation stay was longer in the survival group (35 days) than in the death group (15.5 days) (P<0.001). In the analysis of ECMO complications, the incidence of neurological complications, renal failure, limb complications, and infection were higher in the death group than in the survival group (P<0.05 for all). Specifically, as a risk factor for patient survival and discharge, the occurrence of infection will lead to increased hospitalisation stays and costs (P<0.05 for both). Conclusion: Complications such as kidney failure and infection are associated with in-hospital death, and ECMO-related complications should be actively prevented to improve the survival rate of VA-ECMO treatment.

Spontaneous electric-polarization topology in confined ferroelectric nematics.

Topological textures have fascinated people in different areas of physics and technologies. However, the observations are limited in magnetic and solid-state ferroelectric systems. Ferroelectric nematic is the first liquid-state ferroelectric that would carry many possibilities of spatially-distributed polarization fields. Contrary to traditional magnetic or crystalline systems, anisotropic liquid crystal interactions can compete with the polarization counterparts, thereby setting a challenge in understating their interplays and the resultant topologies. Here, we discover chiral polarization meron-like structures, which appear during the emergence and growth of quasi-2D ferroelectric nematic domains. The chirality can emerge spontaneously in polar textures and can be additionally biased by introducing chiral dopants. Such micrometre-scale polarization textures are the modified electric variants of the magnetic merons. Both experimental and an extended mean-field modelling reveal that the polarization strength plays a dedicated role in determining polarization topology, providing a guide for exploring diverse polar textures in strongly-polarized liquid crystals.

Baseline Clinical Characteristics and Complement Biomarkers of Patients with C3 Glomerulopathy Enrolled in Two Phase 2 Studies Investigating the Factor D Inhibitor Danicopan.

INTRODUCTION: C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare, progressive kidney disease resulting from dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. Biomarkers at baseline were investigated in patients with C3G who participated in two phase 2 studies with the factor D (FD) inhibitor, danicopan. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-confirmed C3G, proteinuria ≥500 mg/day, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were enrolled into two studies (NCT03369236 and NCT03459443). Biomarker analysis was performed for patients with C3G confirmed by central pathology laboratory re-evaluation. Complement and clinical biomarkers, biopsy composite score, and activity and chronicity indices were assessed at baseline and analyzed by pairwise Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included in the analysis (median [interquartile range] age: 24.0 [10.0] years). Systemic complement AP activation was evident by reduced median concentrations of C3 and C5, elevated sC5b-9, and normal C4, relative to reference ranges. C3 showed strong pairwise correlations with C5 and sC5b-9 (r = 0.80 and -0.73, respectively; p < 0.0001). Baseline Ba and FD concentrations were inversely correlated with eGFR (r = -0.83 and -0.87, respectively; p < 0.0001). Urinary concentrations of sC5b-9 were correlated with both plasma sC5b-9 and proteinuria (r = 0.69 and r = 0.83, respectively; p < 0.0001). Biopsy activity indices correlated strongly with biomarkers of systemic AP activation, including C3 (r = -0.76, p < 0.0001), whereas chronicity indices aligned more closely with eGFR (r = -0.57, p = 0.0021). CONCLUSION: Associations among complement biomarkers, kidney function, and kidney histology may add to the current understanding of C3G and assist with the characterization of patients with this heterogenous disease.